Digital Librarian: a librarian's choice of the best of the Web
Digital Librarian is maintained by Margaret Vail Anderson, a librarian in Cortland, New York

American Indian Studies

Aboriginal Canada Portal - "Links to the following sites in an organized manner: National Aboriginal Organizations, 12 Federal Government departments with Aboriginal mandates, all Provincial Governments and organizations with Aboriginal responsibilities, as well as all related Aboriginal community information."

Aboriginal Peoples Television Network - First network of its kind in the world, the APTN began broadcasting in Canada in September 1999.

Resources for Aboriginal Studies - University of Saskatchewan Libraries and the University of Saskatchewan Archives. Consists of databases for photographs, Archival Material, Native Law Cases (with List of Cases), Northwest Resistance and several others. You can actually access the photographs in the collection and, although the images are relatively small, there are some gems: "Kooyook "a young Inuit woman from the Eastern Arctic, mixes dough for bannock in her tent at Lake Harbour, Northwest Territories. Her child is [in an armaut] on her back (1951)", "Mrs. Andela Solomon (Patuanak), then 75 years old, working on a birch bark basket: an art she learned from her mother (1961)," Prosper John (ca 1938) and Yankine Whitecap and Wife (ca 1915.

Administration for Native Americans - U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. See also the Office of Community Services Division of Tribal Services page.

AIROS: American Indian Radio on Satellite - "National distribution system for Native programming to Tribal communities and to general audiences through Native American and other public radio stations as well as the Internet." With programming via Real Audio 24 hours a day. You can Listen Live. There are Native Producer Profile Podcasts on:

Michelle Danforth (Oneida)

Akwesasne Mohawk Cultural Center - Hogansburg, New York.

Akwesasne Notes Magazine - Kahniakehaka Nation ,Akwesasne Mohawk Territory, Rooseveltown, New York. (518-358-3326)

Dating the Iroquois Confederacy by Bruce E. Johansen, Akwesasne Notes, Fall, October/November/December, 1995, Volume 1, #3 & 4, pp. 62-63. See also Johansen's Forgotten Founders: Benjamin Franklin, the Iroquois and the Rationale for the American Revolution (1982)

Alaska Digital Archive - Provides access to over 5,000 historical phhotographs and objects. Among them:

Dance-House, Koutznahoo [Kootznahoo], Alaska (ca. 1896-1920) by Vincent Soboleff

Baby Sleeping in Swing (ca. 1900) - ASL-P87-0180

Nepcetaq Mask - UA2002-010-0005

Eagle-headed dagger - UA92-001-0001-2

Sealskin Belt and Pouch - UA64-021-0137-2

Babiche Bag - 0900-0024

Beaded Boots - UA97-025-0049AB

Beaded Mitten - UA68-005-0001AB

Beaded Moccasins - UA2002-007-0007AB

Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles - From the Search Page you can view the full-text of a number of periodicals including Outing from 1883 to 1899. A sampling of articles from Outing and more recent sources:

Lacrosse by Ross Mackenzie, Outing, October, 1892, Vol. XXI, No. 1, p. 76-80.

Lacrosse in the United States J. A. Hodge, Outing, March, 1886, Vol. VII, No. 6, p. 665-676.

Père Lacombe, A Wilderness Apostle of the North by Agnes C. Laut, Outing, April, 1905, Vol. XLVI, No. 1, p. 1-15.

The Indian Festival at Taos by James A. LeRoy, Outing, December, 1903, Vol. XLIII, No. 3, p. 282-288.

Medicinal Games - Rites of the Iroquoian Linguistic Family by Michael A. Salter, North American Society For Sport History. Proceedings And Newsletter, 1973, p. 30-31.

Playing for the Creator: Iroquois Nationalism and Cultural Sovereignty Through Lacrosse by Donald M. Fisher, North American Society For Sport History. Proceedings And Newsletter, 1997, p. 49.

American Anthropological Association - Has a collection of Anthropology Resources on the Internet.

American Historical Images On File: The Native American Experience - Troy Johnson, California State University, Long Beach.

American Indian and Alaska Native Areas 1990 Census - U.S. Census Bureau

American Indian College Fund - Denver. With information on colleges.

American Indian Environmental Office - EPA

American Indian Ethnobotany Database - Subtitled "Foods, Drugs, Dyes, and Fibers of Native North American Peoples"; Dan Moerman, Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan

American Indian Heritage Foundation

American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) - Provides links to Tribal Colleges.

American Indian Library Association - With information on finding your Native American Ancestors and locating distributors of books by and about Native Americans.

American Indian Movement Grand Govering Council

American Indian Observed: Sketches and Documents From the Collections of the Archives of American Art - Artists include George Catlin, Charles Henry Humphriss, Olive Rush, Allen Tupper True, Dorothy Newkirk Stewart, W. (Wilfred) Langdon Kihn and Edwin Willard Deming. Among the online exhibitions at the Archives of American Art are Selections from the George Catlin Papers. There are oral history interviews witb artists who talk about their interest in Indian subject matter: Donal Hord, Oscar Collier, Fritz Scholder, and Louise Nevelson.

American Indian Resources - Subtitled A Library of Native American literature, culture, education, history, issues and language, and part of the larger Multicultural Resources site, these links have been organized and annotated by Will Karkavelas of Osaka University.

American Indian Studies Research Institute - Indiana University, Bloomington.

American Indian Tribal Directory: U.S. Federally Recognized Tribes - Provided by the American Indian Heritage Foundation.

American Indian Law Review - University of Oklahoma College of Law. (Index only.)

American Indian Research Project - South Dakota Oral History Center. "Contains over 1,900 taped interviews, 70 percent of which were gathered in the field between 1967 and 1973." Except for one sample, the interviews are not online, but there is a partial index and you can order transcripts.

American Indian Studies: A Bibliographic Guide (1995) - By Phillip M. White. Parts of this book are available in Google Books.

American Indians: A Select Catalog of NARA Microfilm Publications - National Archives microfilm publications "that relate directly to American Indians, to the formation of federal Indian policy, and to the personnel who created or enforced that policy. The catalog is divided into civilian agency records and military establishment records. In each section, the publications containing the most information about Indians are listed first" followed by a roll-by-roll listing of the contents. Includes information on how to order the microfilm."

American Indians of the Pacific Northwest - "This digital collection integrates over 2,300 photographs and 7,700 pages of text relating to the American Indians in two cultural areas of the Pacific Northwest, the Northwest Coast and Plateau. These resources illustrate many aspects of life and work, including housing, clothing, crafts, transportation, education, and employment. The materials are drawn from the extensive collections of the University of Washington Libraries, the Cheney Cowles Museum/Eastern Washington State Historical Society in Spokane, and the Museum of History and Industry in Seattle." Also accessible via the Library of Congress.

American Journeys: Eyewitness Accounts of Early American Exploration and Settlement - This is a valuable resource for schools and universities. Funded by the U.S. Institute of Museum & Library Services and by private donors, American Journeys is a collaborative project of the Wisconsin Historical Society and National History Day. Examples of texts include:

Voyage Made by M. John Hawkins Esquire, 1565

Catlin's North American Indian Portfolio

Wabanip's Speech to Assembled Iroquois Chiefs, April 30, 1798

Joseph Brant's Speech to British Government Concerning Indian Land Claims, Niagara, October 22, 1796

Moravian Journals Relating to Central New York, 1745-66

Trial of the Indians of Acoma, 1598

Account of Florida, 1566-1568

American Museum of Natural History - New York. The Library provides access to Online Catalog. The Collections Database provides access to over 50,000 images and catalog descriptions from the North American Ethnographic Collection. You can search by culture, material, object name, catalog no., locale or donor name. A search for Catalog item E/ 2334 will retrieve the images of two Tlingit baskets. A search for ornament (object name) will retrieve over 800 images and a search for Plains (culture) and bead (material) will retrieve over 700 including a buffalo robe (50 / 5860). An object name search for kachina retrieves 239 items. There are some lovely Navaho blankets (50.2/ 6840, 50.2/ 6841, 50.2/ 6842, 50 / 2091) and bracelets (50.2/ 4168, 50.2/ 4169, 50.2/ 4171, 50 / 6356 A, 50.2/ 2394). Searching by donor is particularly rewarding: try Auchincloss, Morgan, Wissler, Spinden, Boas, Harvey, Mead, Jesup, Peabody (baskets), or Emmons. Search for object name: amulet, apron, armlet, bag, ball, basket, beadwork, belt, bowl, brooch, canoe, carving, charm, club, coat, comb, cradle board (baby board), cup, dance, dice, doll, feather, fetish, fish, gambling, game, hat, headband, headdress, jacket, jar, knife, labret, lance, leggings, mask, medicine bundle, mittens, model, moccasin, necklace, paddle, parfleche, pipe, pottery, pouch, prayer stick, purse, rattle, robe, saddle, sheath, snowshoes (snow shoe), spear, spoon, tomahawk, totem pole, toy, tray, wampum.

American Philosophical Society - Founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1743. The Library houses over 180,000 volumes and bound periodicals, six million manuscripts, and thousands of maps and prints. It holds the papers of Franz Boas, the founder of modern American anthropology and the Ely Samuel Parker Papers, a Seneca Indian and Civil War adjutant to Ulysses Grant. See also Images of Franz Boas. Online resources include David Van Keuren's "The Proper Study of Mankind": An Annotated Bibliography of Manuscript sources on Anthropology and Archeology in the Library of the American Philosophical Society (c1986) and American Indian Manuscripts in the American Philosophical Society (c1999) by John Freeman, Murphy D. Smith, Daythal Kendall, and R.S. Cox. The Society also publishes a quarterly journal, the Proceedings, with recent issues available online. The March 2000 issue contains the full-text of Christian B. Keller's Philanthropy Betrayed: Thomas Jefferson, the Louisiana Purchase, and the Origins of Federal Indian Removal Policy in pdf format. Among the online exhibits is A. Zeno Shindler's Photographs of Indians

The American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789 - Library of Congress

An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera - More than 7,000 digitized primary source items dating from the seventeenth century to the present and encompassing key events and eras in American history. A search for Indian retrieves over 50 results, among which is an 1805 speech by Sagu-ua-what-hath (Red Jacket), a Seneca chief

Amon Olorin Flutes - Contemporary Native American Flutes by Ken Light, and flute workshops with R. Carlos Nakai, Native American flutist nominated for 2 Grammys. (You can also listen to clips from Earth Spirit, Changes: Native American Flute Music, Big Medicine or Feather, Stone & Light at Amazon.com.)

Anasazi Heritage Center - Dolores, Colorado

Ancestral Grounds: the Battle over Indian Land Claims - Three-part series on the Indian land claims in central New York published by the Albany Times Union, October 24-26, 1999.

Ancient Cultures of the Southwest - Online exhibition of pottery at the Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College, Wisconsin. There is a pottery catalog index.

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS): Partnerships Across Nations

Annual Review of Anthropology - Article abstracts (full-text available to subscribers only) from 1984 to the present. A search for American Indian (words in title or abstract), for example, retrieves 14 results.

Anthropological Index of the Royal Anthropological Institute - " Anthropological Index Online is based on the journal holdings of The Anthropology Library at the The British Museum (Museum of Mankind) which receives periodicals in all branches of anthropology, from academic institutions and publishers around the world."

Anthropology Outreach Office - Smithsonian Institution.

AnthroSource - Interactive repository of research and communications tools for anthropologists.

Antique Tribal Art Dealers Association (ATADA)

Antiquities of Wisconsin - Electronic text of the book by Increase A. Lapham, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1855, includes 92 pages of text, illustrated with 61 wood engravings, and 55 lithographed plates.

Archeological Research Institute - Arizona State University, Tempe. Host of Archnet. There is an online exhibition of Prehistoric Pottery of Arizona. Other resources include Pottery and Pigments in Arizona: Salado Polychrome and Roosevelt Platform Mound Study.

Archives of the Association on American Indian Affairs - Princeton University Library.

Archives of Maryland Online - "The first 72 volumes of this series were published between 1883 and 1972 by the Maryland Historical Society. They contain many of the official records of Maryland from 1634 to 1820. We have also added 30 additional volumes to this series in the past year. The website contains images of the originals as well as fully searchable text." Consider spelling variants as you search (Sasquehannah). The archives contains some interesting early records. Volume 6 of the series is a transcription of the Correspondence of Governor Horatio Sharpe, Volume 1,1753-1757 which includes some material about Indian Affairs. Starting on page 436 of this volume is a lengthy account from Fort George in New York on 4th June 1756, in which the author writes about Sir William Johnson, the Mohawks, and the Onondago. Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1732:1753, concerns the 1844 treaty council held in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Members of the Six Nations, including Onondaga chief Canasatego (Cannasatego), met with representatives from Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Conrad Weiser (Conrade) was present as interpreter.

ArchNet: Ethnoarchaeology and Ethnohistory

Arctic Circle - Peoples and environment of the Arctic and Subarctic region

Arctic Studies Center - Smithsonian Institution. Has a number of online exhibitions including Yupik Masks, Ekven Burial Chamber and Northern Clans, Northern Traces.

Arizona Memory Project - "Established by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records, is an online repository for digital collections from archives, libraries, museums, historical societies and other Arizona cultural institutions." Collections of interest include:

Medallion Papers a "series of 39 publications issued between 1928-1950 by the Gila Pueblo Archaeological Foundation. Gila Pueblo, as it later became known, was one of the earliest Arizona institutions doing archaeological surveying and research in the Southwest. It was founded by Winifred and Harold S. Gladwin as a private foundation and employed professional archaeologists whose research was published in the Medallion Papers. Their work was instrumental in defining the Hohokam, Mogollon, San Simon and Cochise cultures and in describing early pottery types including Hohokam red-on-buff, Salado polychrome, Casas Grandes and others."

Sharlot Hall Museum American Indians Image Collection - "This collection of still images is related to the American Indians of Arizona and the Southwest (1865-1970). Tribes include Navajo, Apache, Yavapai, Hualapai, Papago, Hopi, Mohave, Paiute, Yaqui, Havasupai, Pima and Maricopa.Also included in the collection are images of prehistoric ruins, pueblos, and rock art."

Arizona State Museum - University of Arizona, Tucson. Established in 1893, this is the oldest and largest anthropology museum in the Southwest with the largest whole vessel collection of Southwest Indian pottery in the world. They offer Travel Tours and information on the Southwest Indian Art Fair. The Library has an online catalogue. Arizona Archaeological Site and Survey Database Among the online resources are: Pottery Project 2,000 Years - 20,000 Vessels, Nampeyo Pottery Showcase, With an Eye on Culture: The Photography of Helga Teiwes and The Trincheras Culture, Vignettes in Time

Arizona's First People: The culture and lives of Arizona's Native American tribes - Part of the Cultures AZ site. In Voices, Nan Telahongva recounts her experiences as a young Hopi girl new to Anglo schools and Betty Reid, a Native Navajo and a reporter for the Arizona Republic, talks about the transition from reservation life to city life.

Arkansas Archeological Survey - University of Arkansas site provides Report Abstracts by county, Archeology Links, Educational Resources for Teachers and First Encounters: The Contact Period in the Mississippi Valley.

Arnold Research Cave - Missouri. Contained 7500 years of prehistoric footwear.

Michael J. Fuller - Provides photographs of footwear from the cave.

ArtNet - A rich resource for art and antiques. (See their Site Index.) There is an Artist Index. The weekly ArtNet Magazine offers news & reviews, and features with archives back to 1996. The Galleries database is searchable by gallery name, artist name, gallery specialty, location, and furniture or design.

As Long as the Waters Flow: Native Americans in the South and East - Photographs by Carolyn DeMeritt exhibited at the Light Factory in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Assembly of First Nations - National representative/lobby organization of the First Nations in Canada.

Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures - Robert Nelson's Guide to Native American Studies Programs in the United States and Canada provides a "comprehensive survey of U.S. and Canadian Native American Studies programs being offered as majors, minors, and certifications at the baccalaureate level or above." The Association's newsletter, SAIL, is searchable and is available in full-text from 1977-1987.

Association of American Indian Physicians

Association of American University Presses - With a search form for Native American Studies. (Try searching by year.)

Avalon Project at Yale Law School - Collection of documents in law, history and diplomacy has texts of Treaties Between the United States and Native Americans, Statutes of the United States Concerning Native Americans and Relations Between the United States and Native Americans.

Benedicte Wrensted: An Idaho Photographer in Focus - "Portraits of Indians from Southeastern Idaho Reservations, 1897."

Bethlehem Digital History Project - "Digitization and web publication of specific primary source materials relating to the early history of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania....selected to increase accessibility to sources that illuminate key elements of the Bethlehem community from its founding in 1741 through 1844." Among the resources are Joseph Spangenberg's Report on the Nanticokes’ and Shawnee’s Bethlehem visit in March 1753 and The Comprehensive Report on the Brethren’s Negotiations in Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten with the Nanticokes and Shawnee Nations from April 1752. (Moravian College and Theological Seminary)

Betty Mae Jumper: a Seminole Legend - Maintained by the Seminole Tribe of Florida.

Bibliographies of New England History - Volume 9 contains 4,231 citations to books, dissertations, pamphlets, and magazine and journal articles, most of which were published between 1989 and 1994.

Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes

Bibliothèque Nationale de France - Although much of the site is in French you can locate many full texts in English and there are a number of outstanding visual resources as well. Gallica, a text and image digitization project comparable to the Library of Congress's American Memory project, is a rich resource for material on American Indian history and anthropology. For example the Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins are available from 1881 to 1933. To find them, do a click on recherche and search for the title (Mots du titre) bureau of american ethnology. From your results, select Annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology: to the Secretary of the Smithsonian institution (Voir la liste des fascicules). This will bring up a list of all the titles they own, from 1881 (N 01 / 1879-1880) to 1933 (N 048 / 1930-1931). Among the images are 192 portraits of American Indians [Indiens des Etats-Unis] taken by the photographer Pinart between 1860-1876. The simplest way to search (recherche) this site is by keyword search (recherche libre). Try specific tribe names (Shawnee, Delaware, Huron) or use such terms as Indiens, indienne. To limit your search to images check the box for Lots d'images (under Types de documents).

Bibliothèque nationale du Québec - Their Banque images et sons is a rich source for images and texts. Look for Indiens d'Amérique Iroquois (Indiens), or Algonquiens for example, in the Index des sujets. Some of the titles which you will find in full-text are Histoire des Abénakis depuis 1605 jusqu'à nos jours (1866), Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI / par le capitaine Jacques Cartier aux îles de Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay et autres (1863) and Vie de Catherine Tekakwitha, vierge iroquoise (1894). There are also maps (cartes géographiques) and 7,000 images of Québec from 1870t0 1907 in Revue d'un autre siècle.

Bringing Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties to the World Wide Web - Suzanne L. Holcombe, Oklahoma State University Library. Presentation at the Proceedings of the 9th Annual Federal Depository Library Conference, October 22 - 25, 2000.

British Columbia Archives - A keyword search for Haida in Visual Records, (checking the option Only match items with associated objects "AND LINK" e.g. images or finding aids) retrieves 54 images, a search for Indian People retrieves 858 images, a search for Dossetter retrieves 45 images.

British Museum: North America - Their Compass database provides images of over 5,000 objects in the museum collection which includes a large collection of Native Arts. (Search for drawings of John White, Christy Collection, Sloane Collection, Canada, Algonquian, Ohio, pipe etc.)

Buffalo Bill Historical Center - Cody, Wyoming library and museum provides access to their online catalog.

Built in America: Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) and the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) - Library of Congress collection of measured drawings, large-format photographs, and written histories for more than 35,000 historic structures and sites dating from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Search by keyword or browse by subject (Indians of North America) or place. Here you'll find photographs of:

Indian Castle Church - State Route 55, Town of Danube, Herkimer County (Fort Hendrick), taken by photographer Nelson E. Baldwin on May 5, 1936. "Indian Castle Church was built in 1769 by Captain Samuel Clyde for Sir William Johnson, who presented it to the Canajoharies (Mohawks of the Upper or Canajoharie Mohawks Castle), in 1770. It is the only Colonial Indian Mission Chursch standing in New York State and the only surviving Colonial building of the Mohawks or Iroquois Castles. The Church was built on land owned by Joseh Brandt [Brant], the famous Mohawk Chieftain, who was noted for his pity [piety?] and who translated the gospel of St. Mark into the Mohawk language. During the Revolution, the Mohawk Indian raiders, formerly residents here, attempted to steal the bell of this old church. They, however, neglected to fasten its clapper and its ringing awakened the parish settlers who armed themselves, sallied out and recovered the old church bell." (Data Page 2).

View (Southwest) down into Kiva - Pueblo Arroyo, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (June 1966)

Kalispel Indian Log Cabin - Usk, Pend Oreille County, Washington (1936)

Rock Eagle Mound - Rock Eagle State Park, Putnam County, Georgia by Kenneth Kay (1980)

Shoshone Indian Cemetery - Wind River Indian Reservation, Fort Washakie, Fremont County, Wyoming. "This cemetery supposedly contains the grave of Sacajawea, Indian guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Located in cemetery is the oldest chapel built for the Indians in Wyoming." (Data page 2). Photograph by Jack E. Boucher (1974).

Aztec Ruins - Detailed View of Through Passage - Aztec Ruins, West Ruin, New Mexico 44 near junction of U.S. 550, Aztec vicinity, San Juan County, New Mexico.

Jeffers Petroglyphs - Image of turtle and man, looking East. Photograph by Jet Lowe, 12 April, 1990. Delton Township, Cottonwood County, Minnesota.

Bureau of American Ethnology - Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin Series Electronic Editions - Consists of Hair Pipes in Plains Indian Adornment: A Study in Indian and White Ingenuity by John C. Ewers. (See also the List of Publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology with with index to authors and titles.) Also available is The Horse in the Blackfoot Indian Culture, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, vol. 159. This series is also available in Gallica, bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Do a search (recherche) for the title (Mots du titre) bureau of american ethnology. From your results, select Annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology: to the Secretary of the Smithsonian institution (Voir la liste des fascicules). This will bring up a list of all the titles they own, from 1881 (N 01 / 1879-1880) to 1933 (N 048 / 1930-1931). There are over 13,000 Glass Negatives of Indians, collected by the Bureau of American Ethnology from the 1850s-1930s in the National Anthropological Archives. You can browse images in the drawings, sketches and paintings from National Anthropological Archives or search the Archival, Manuscript and Photograph Collections Catalog in SIRIS, the research information system of the Smithsonian.

Bureau of Indian Affairs - This U.S. Department of the Interior site has a useful FAQ page, Press Releases, a Tribal Leaders Directory, a list of Federally Recognized Tribes and many links to other resources.

Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site - Located near Collinsville, Illinois, the historic site holds the archaeological remnants of a sophisticated prehistoric civilization inhabited by the Mississippians from about A.D. 700 to 1400. A UNESCO World Heritage Site: "Cahokia Mounds, some 13 km north-east of St Louis, Missouri, is the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. It was occupied primarily during the Mississippian period (800–1400), when it covered nearly 1,600 ha and included some 120 mounds. It is a striking example of a complex chiefdom society, with many satellite mound centres and numerous outlying hamlets and villages. This agricultural society may have had a population of 10–20,000 at its peak between 1050 and 1150. Primary features at the site include Monks Mound, the largest prehistoric earthwork in the Americas, covering over 5 ha and standing 30 m high."

CBC Archives - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation archived interviews include:

Rethinking Riel - Métis leader Louis Riel

Georges Erasmus: Native Rights Crusader

The Life and Legend of Bill Reid - Haida artist

Phil Fontaine: Native Diplomat and Dealmaker

Eeyou Istchee: Land of the Cree

An Inuit Education: Honouring a Past, Creating a Future

James Bay Project and the Cree

The Oka Crisis

The Battle for Aboriginal Treaty Rights

Creation of Nunavut

Mercury Rising: The Poisoning of Grassy Narrows

A Lost Heritage: Canada's Residential Schools

Lacrosse: A History of Canada's Game

Davis Inlet: Innu community in crisis

Losing native languages

Métamorphose de l'Indien

California Heritage Digital Image Access Project - Online archive of over 28,000 images illustrating California's history and culture consisting of photographs, pictures, and manuscripts from the collections of the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley. You can Browse the Collection. (Select "container listing" to access the images.) For example, the Merriam Collection of Native American Photographs, ca. 1890-1938, contains 1,447 digitized photographs of members of Californian tribes.

California Digital Library

California Indian Basketweavers Association - With Site Index.

Camping with the Sioux: Fieldwork diary of Alice Cunningham Fletcher - National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Includes Folktales and a Photo Gallery.

Canada's Digital Collections - Rich resource for information on Canada's First Peoples.

Canada's Native Peoples - Volume II in the Canada Heirloom Series of Canada's Digital Collection.

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation: News - Offers coverage of First Nations issues. INDEPTH: Aboriginal Canadians: From the Gift of the Iroquois to the Creation of Nunavut, by Martin O'Malley, July 2000 and After the Salmon Run: The Road to Nowhere by Peter McCluskey which offers video reports, archived stories and links.

Canadian Encyclopedia Online - Full-text, multimedia encylopedia. The subject index shows 38 pages of entries for Native People. (Provided by Historica, a foundation whose mandate is to provide Canadians with a deeper understanding of their history.)

Canadian Museum of Civilization - Toronto. Site provides a variety of information on indigenous cultures, archaeology, folk art and Canadian history. Virtual Collection Storage provides images of items on the museum, including some very handsome mittens and belts in the Ethnology Collection. Also provided is a collection of links to Online Resources for Canadian Heritage which has Ethnology and Archaeology sections.

Canadian Medical Association - The site is searchable and provides tables of contents and selected articles from a number of its publications. A search for Cree, for example, retrieves 46 results, most of them abstracts of articles from the Canadian Medical Association Journal.

Carlisle Indian Industrial School - Barbara Landis and Genevieve Bell. (See also Carlisle Students adapted from Charles Maclay's index of "The Indian Industrial School" by Linda Witmer.)

Casas Grandes and the Ceramic Art of the Ancient Southwest - Published by the Art Institute of Chicago in association with Yale University Press for the exhibition at the Art Institue of Chicago from April 22 to August 13, 2006. This is a beautiful book with 141 color photographs of pre-Columbian pottery, primarily from private collections. It's $28.35 at Amazon.com (the list price is $45.00). See UNESCO's World Heritage List - Archeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes.

Catholic Encyclopedia - With over 11,602 articles, this encyclopedia is a good resource for researching the Jesuit presence in North America. For example there are articles on Catholic Indian Missions of the United States, Santa Fe (New Mexico), Huron, Sioux, Chippewa, Algonquins and Iroquois.

Center for Agricultural Bioinformatics: Botanical Databases - The Medicinal Plants of North America Database (MPNADB) is "based on a two-volume book of the same name published in 1986 by the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan. The database - which contains 17,634 items representing the medicinal uses of 2,147 species from 760 genera and 142 families by 123 different native American groups - was built over a period of about 10 years with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Science Foundation, and the University of Michigan-Dearborn." The Food Plant Database, based on Food Plants of the North American Indians by Elias Yanovsky, c1936, reviewed approximately 80 years of literature, back to around 1850, listing 1,112 species in 444 genera of plants among 120 families, used for food by the North American Indians.

Center for Southwest Research - University of New Mexico. Part of the larger Online Archive of New Mexico. Among their collections are the Robert E. Robideau American Indian Movement Papers, 1975-1994 and the Kay Cole Papers.

Center For World Indigenous Studies - Their Fourth World Documentation Project is "an online library of texts which record and preserve our peoples' struggles to regain their rightful place in the international community."

A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1873 - "Consists of a linked set of published congressional records of the United States of America from the Continental Congress through the 43rd Congress, 1774-1875. Congressional bills and resolutions for selected sessions beginning with the 6th Congress (1799) in the House of Representatives and the 16th Congress (1819) in the Senate. A select number of documents and reports from the monumental U.S. Congressional Serial Set are available as well. This online collection houses the records of the U.S. Congress up to 1875, which includes the first three volumes of the Congressional Record, published by the Government Printing Office. To access the contemporary Congressional Record go to THOMAS, the Library of Congress's legislative information Web site." It includes:

Journals of the Continental Congress (1774-89)

Letters of Delegates to Congress (1774-89)

Farrand's Records: Records of the Federal Convention of 1787

Elliot's Debates: Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (1787-88)

Journals of the House of Representatives (1789-1875) and the Senate (1789-1875),

Maclay's Journal: Journal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791

The Annals of Congress - Formally known as The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States, the Amma;s "cover the 1st Congress through the first session of the 18th Congress, from 1789 to 1824. The Annals were not published contemporaneously, but were compiled between 1834 and 1856, using the best records available, primarily newspaper accounts. Speeches are paraphrased rather than presented verbatim, but the record of debate is nonetheless fuller than that available from the House and Senate Journals. The Annals were immediately succeeded by the Register of Debates, and subsequently by the Congressional Globe and Congressional Record."

Congressional Globe (1833-73)

Congressional Record (1873-75)

House Journal

Senate Journal - "The Journal should be seen as the minutes of floor action. It notes the matters considered by the Senate and the votes and other actions taken. It does not record the actual debates, which can be consulted through the "Link to date-related documents" in the full text transcription of the Journal."

Senate Executive Journal (1789-1875) - "Record of its executive proceedings that relate to its functions of confirming presidential nominees and consenting to the making of treaties. The Senate Executive Journal was not made public until 1828, when the Senate decided to print and publish the proceedings for all the previous Congresses and thereafter to publish the journal for each session at its close."

Bills and Resolutions

Statutes at Large (1789-1875) - "The eighteen volumes presented in this online collection cover the laws of the first forty-three Congresses, 1789-1875."

American State Papers (1789-1838) - "Thirty-eight physical volumes, contain the legislative and executive documents of Congress during the period 1789 to 1838."

U.S. Serial Set - "Began publication with the 15th Congress, 1st Session (1817). Documents before 1817 may be found in the American State Papers (1789-1838)." Of particular interest is

Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784-1894 compiled by Charles C. Royce. (U.S. Serial Set Number 4015 contains the second part of the two-part Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-97 by J.W. Powell, Director.) The report is browsable by Tribe, State/Territory and Date and includes treaties and 67 maps. You can search the entire site or browse individual titles. The 23rd Congress, 1833-1835 has Correspondence on the emigration of Indians, 1831-33. Use the find option (Indian) to locate material on Indian issues in the Register of Debates Browse List. Another important resource is Volume VII of the United States Statutes at Large, entitled Treaties between the United States and Indian Tribes. Published in 1845, this is a 604 page volume of treaties which has a chronological list of the treaties starting on p. iii.

Chaco Digital Initiative - Digitization of thousands of photographs from Neil Judd and Frank H.H. Roberts' archaeological excavations in Chaco Canyon.

Chaco Culture National Historical Park - National Park Service

Cherokee Field Office Records, 1968 - 1983 - Photographs in the National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 435: Records of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 1929 - 1988.

Burden Basket or Storage Basket Made of River Cane (ARC Identifier: 281597)

Booger" Dance Mask with a Coiled Snake on Top (ARC Identifier: 281600)

Hand Carved Pottery Designed Paddles (ARC Identifier: 281617)

Seminole Coiled Sweet Grass Button Basket (ARC Identifier: 281626)

Shell Tempered Duck Effigy Bowl Recovered from Williams Island Site, Hamilton County, Tennessee (ARC Identifier: 281637)

Cherokee Craftsman, Jessie Saunlooke, Carving a Bear (ARC Identifier: 281633)

Shell Tempered Double Wedding Vessel with a Human Effigy Recovered from the Cox Mound, Jackson County, Tennessee (ARC Identifier: 281639)

Old Cherokee White Oak Basket (ARC Identifier: 281622)

Single Weave River Cane Basket Owned by the Southern Hills Handicraft Guild (ARC Identifier: 281629)

Cherokee Nation - Official Site of the Cherokee Nation based in Tahlequah Oklahoma. They publish the Cherokee Phoenix and Indian Advocate, the the official newspaper of the Cherokee Nation, published monthly. The Fall 2000 issue has several articles on Diabetes.

Code of Federal Regulations - National Archives and Records Administration. Title 25 deals with Indian issues. Other related titles include Native American Housing (Title 24, Part 1000), Indian Health (Title 42, Part 36), and Requirements for surface coal mining and reclamation operations on Indian Lands (Title 30, Part 75). You can also browse and search your choice of CFR titles and/or volumes; Title 25: Indians is available from 1997.

CodeTalk - Federal interagency information network managed by native Americans at HUD's Office of Native American Programs.

Collector's Guide to the Art of New Mexico - A rich resource for the collector. With sections on Indian Fetishes, milagros, Heishi, Antique Indian Silver Jewelry, Indian Pottery and Baskets.

College & Research Library News - A publication of the Association of College & Research Libraries, they offer monthly columns on Internet Resources, one of which is Indigenous nations: Sites of interest, C&RL News, January 2004, Vol. 65, No. 1.

Colonial Connecticut Records: the Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut 1636-1776 - The University of Connecticut, with the assistance of the Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center, has digitized microfilm copies of Connecticut (Colony). The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, from April 1636 to October 1776 ... transcribed and published, (in accordance with a resolution of the General assembly). Hartford: Brown & Parsons. 1850-1890. 15 vols. Although not yet searchable by keyword, each volume is carefully indexed.

Common Ground Online - Publication of the National Park Service Archeology and Ethnography Program. Online Archives go from the Summer 1994 to the present. Issues of interest include Earliest Americans (Spring/Summer 2000), Preservation on the Reservation (Fall 1999) and Speaking Nation to Nation (Summer/Fall 1997).

Community Learning Network - "CLN is designed to help K-12 teachers integrate technology into their classrooms. We have over 265 menu pages with more than 5,800 annotated links to free resources on educational WWW sites -- all organized within an intuitive structure." There is a Theme Index and a section on First Nations History.

Congressional Record - Via GPO Access for 1995 thru 2001 (Volumes 141 thru 147). Portions of the Congressional Record in pdf format are available for 2001, 2000 and 1999. You can also retrieve a specific page.

Cornell American Indian Program

Cornell Powwow and Smokedance - Held annually in the Spring

Council for Museum Anthropology - Offers links to Anthropology Museums on the Web.

Cradleboard Teaching Project - Project begun by teacher and songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie to help children through cross-cultural communication. Provides links to other resources and to other Tribal Websites.

Creek Indian Bibliography: Sources for History, Biography and Genealogy; Print and Internet Links - Anne E. Gometz.

A Critical Bibliography of North American Indians, For K-12 - Compiled in September 1996, this excellent resource for teachers and librarians describes over 800 books. There are sections organized by culture area and tribe and further divided into non-fiction and fiction, biographies, and traditional stories. From the Department of Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Natural History. There are sections for the Northeast, Southwest, Northwest Coast, California, Plateau, Arctic, Plains, Great Basin, Subarctic and the Southeast.

Cross Cultural Symposium on Blacks and Native Americans - April 20-22, 2000, El Hajj Malik El Shabazz Center at Dartmouth College. To "explore the complex histories and experiences shared by Blacks and Indians." Provides Speaker Biographies and links to related resources.

Cultural Readings: Colonization and Print in the Americas - "Exhibition from the collections of the Jay I. Kislak Foundation and the Rosenbach Museum & Library, sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania Library." Includes a section on Print and Native Cultures.

Cultural Resource Management - Searchable and with Index of Past Issues. See Beyond Compliance: Tribes of the Southwest (Volume 23, No. 9, (2000).

Dakota Conflict Trials (1862) - From Doug Linder's Famous Trials page.

Delgamuukw / Gisday'wa National Process - Resources relating to the Delgamuukw decision, in which the Canadian Supreme Court recognized the validity of Aboriginal title.

Denver Public Library Photography Collection - Western History Department/Genealogy Department. Online collection contains 100,000 images including many of Native Americans. Try searching for the following: Indians of North America, Wounded Knee, Dakota, Sioux, Ute, Pueblo, David Barry, George Beam, C. G. Morledge, Horace Poley, Edward Boos, Sitting Bull or Red Cloud. A search for Wounded Knee Massacre, for example, retrieves 85 photographs, each carefully catalogued and annotated and with a url which can be bookmarked (the url for Indian Chiefs and U.S. officials, NS-163, goes to the enlarged image only, without identification.) Other highlights include Sitting Bull of the Custer Massacre (X-31384), Standing Holy, daughter of Sitting Bull, wearing jewelry (B-144), and Red Tomahawk, who killed Sitting Bull (X-31680). A search for Ben Wittick (1845-1903) retrieves 68 images by the photographer including the following examples from the 1880s: Approach to Pueblo Acoma, View in Pueblo Acoma, N.M., View in Apache camp, San Carlos River, Arizona, View in Pueblo Acoma, New Mexico, View in Pueblo Laguna, N.M., View in Pueblo Laguna, N.M., View in Pueblo Santo Domingo N. M., View in the aristocratic quarter of Oraibi Moqui, Woman of Zuni & water olla and Zuni maiden, daughter of Pa-lo-wa-ti-wa. See also the Collaborative Digitization Program which provides descriptions and links to other Digital Collections.

Digital Library of Canada - National Library of Canada. Relevant resources include Indian Affairs Annual Reports 1864-1990, Jesuit Relations and the History of New France, Early Canadiana Online

Digital Library of Georgia - Among the collections is Southeastern Native American Documents, 1730-1842 which "contains over 1,000 documents and images relating to the Native American population of the Southeastern United States from the collections of the University of Georgia Libraries, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville Library, the Frank H. McClung Museum, and the Tennessee State Library and Archives. The documents are comprised of letters, legal proceedings, military orders, financial papers, and archaeological images relating to Native Americans in the Southeast." Georgia Historic Books "contains full-text, fully searchable books related to Georgia's history and culture. Most are from the 19th to early 20th century and focus on Georgia history, biography, and literature."

Directory of Aboriginal Exporters - This directory, compiled by the Aboriginal Business Development (AIBD) Committee in 2002, lists 470 Canadian firms

Documenting the American South - Collection from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill of full-text primary sources on Southern history, literature and culture from the colonial period through the first decades of the 20th century. On July 27, 2001 there were 960 books and manuscripts in the collection. Includes, for example, the full-text of The Missionary Pioneer, or A Brief Memoir of the Life, Labours, and Death of John Stewart, (Man of Colour,) Founder, under God of the Mission among the Wyandotts at Upper Sandusky, Ohio (1827) by Joseph Mitchell. The collection is searchable and has a subject, author and title index.

Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA) - "Collection of electronic texts originally written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820... Published and supported by the Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities (MITH) at the University of Maryland."

Early Canadiana Online - "Full text online collection of more than 3,000 books and pamphlets documenting Canadian history from the first European contact to the late 19th century. The collection is particularly strong in native studies, travel and exploration, and the history of French Canada." (Note: a password is not required - leave username and password blank.) A search for Iroquoian Indians, for example, retrieves 12 documents including William M. Beauchamp's The Iroquois Trail, or, Footprints of the Six Nations: in Customs, Traditions and History (1892), Lewis Henry Morgan's Houses and house-life of the American aborigines (1881), George Catlin's Adventures of the Ojibbeway and Ioway Indians in England, France, and Belgium: being notes of eight years' travels and residence in Europe with his North American Indian collection (1852), James Constantine Pilling's Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (1888) and Horatio Hale and Edward B. Tyler's Four Huron Wampum Records: a Study of Aboriginal American History and Mnemonic Symbols (?1897). A full-text search for Oswego retrieves 845 matching pages in 279 matching titles. A search for Sachems is also productive. A rich source for the years 1663-1713, with many letters from Frontenac to the French Minister, is Collection de manuscrits contenant lettres, mémoires, et autres documents historiques relatifs à la Nouvelle-France: recueillis aux Archives de la province de Québec ou copiés à l'étranger ; mis en ordre et édités sous les auspices de la Législature de Québec, avec table, etc. by Jean Blanchet (in French only).

Educational Resources Information Center - There is a clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools with information on American Indian and Alaska Native Education. There is a searchable Native Education Directory which "includes organizations, governmental agencies, and schools that are involved in the education of Native students and serve a statewide, multistate, or national audience." There are Expert Search Strategies for Programs for American Indian, Alaska Native, and Canada Native youth and Native students (American Indians, Canada Natives, Alaska Natives) and higher education.

Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian - "One of the most significant and controversial representations of traditional American Indian culture ever produced. Issued in a limited edition from 1907-1930, the publication continues to exert a major influence on the image of Indians in popular culture...Featured here are all of the published photogravure images including over 1500 illustrations bound in the text volumes, along with over 700 portfolio plates." (Library of Congress.) See also Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian

Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art - Indianapolis

Elkus Indian Papers - "California Academy of Sciences houses a collection of over 2,000 documents related to Indian affairs over the period 1922-1963. These papers came from the estate of Charles de Young Elkus, a San Francisco attorney..." The database is searchable and browsable by name of correspondant.

Emory Women Writers Resource Project - Among the full-text Native-American related titles are Nowita, the Sweet Singer. A Romantic Tradition of Spavinaw, Indian Territory (1900) by Mabel Washbourne Anderson, Memoir Of Elizabeth Jones, a Little Indian Girl, Who Lived at the River-Credit Mission, Upper Canada by Anonymous, The Sick Child (1899), An Autobiography (1911), My People [Winnebagoes](1897) and Gray Wolf's Daughter (1899) all by Angel De Cora (Hinook-Mahiwi-Kilinaka), An Indian Woman's Letter (1879) Bright Eyes (1881), Omaha Legends and Tent-Stories (1883), The Indian Question (1880) all by Susette La Flesche (Bright Eyes), and Great Work of an Indian (1906) by Ora Eddleman Reed.

Encyclopedia Mythica: Native American Mythology - With over 350 entries on Native American mythology.

Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Native American History and Culture - Selected links to sites hosted by Smithsonian Institution museums and organizations.

FBI Art Theft Program - With a section on stolen Native American Art and recovered art (Navajo Ceremonial Artifacts, Geronimo's Headress, Washoe Indian Baskets).

FBI Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room - FBI documents scanned from paper copies as released to FOIPA requesters. There is a file on the Osage Indian Murders.

Falmouth Institute - Training and consulting organization to American Indian and Alaska Native communities. With list of publications and links to Indian Tribes and Tribal Organizations. They monitor legislative activities on Capitol Hill, some of which can be read online in the American Indian Report's Fedwatch.

FedLaw: Native Americans - Laws

Fenimore Art Museum - Cooperstown. The Eugene and Clare Thaw Collection of American Indian Art is described by Steven M. L. Aronson: "...The 800 arrestingly beautiful objects...are incontestably the best of their kind - milestones of American Indian inventiveness." (Native Beauties: Eugene V. Thaw on His Extraordinary Compilation of North American Indian Works, Architectural Digest, June, 2008.) In the Virtual Museum you can view catalog records and images of the 825 items in the collection including:

Seneca Bag - Circa 1830-1860

Eastern Ojibwa Birch Bark Domed Box - Circa 1847-1853

Teton Sioux (Lakota) Painted Hide War Record - Circa 1880

Teton Sioux (Lakota) Storage Bags - Circa 1880-1889

Huron Moosehair Embroidered Black-dyed Moccasins - Circa 1838-1853

Tlingit Berry Basket - Circa 1910

FindArticles.com - Free online article-search service allows you to search for (and read) articles published over the last 1 to 2 years in more than 300 reputable magazines and journals. You can view publications by subject or by name.

First American West The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 - American Memory, Library of Congress.

First Nations Collection - Part of the Southern Oregon Digital Archives (SODA), the First Nations Collection has "documents, books, and articles relating to the indigenous peoples of this bioregion." Particularly interesting are three books by the anthropologist Edward Sapir (1884-1939. These books are rich sources of creation stories in which Coyote plays a major role. Yana Texts (235 pages) were collected in 1907 from two locations in Shasta County California: near Redding and between Round Mountain and Montgomery Creek. In also incorporates material collected by Roland. B. Dixon in 1900 from Sam Bat'wi and Round Mountain Jack. Takelma Texts (267 pages ) were collected Sapir in the summer of 1906 in Siletz Resertaion in western Oregon. Frances Johnson (Gwisgwashan) was the "sole informant". Wishram texts, Volume II, Together with Wasco Tales and Myths (333 pages). The Wishram texts were obtained, for the most part, in Yakima Reservation, in southern Washington, in the summer of 1905. Much of the Wishram material was gathered by an interpreter, Pete McGuff from Louis Simpson (Menait). Jeremiah Curtin collected the Wasco texts.

First Nations Site Index - Jordan S. Dill. Has a section on First Nation Histories.

First Nations Periodical Index - Searchable index of 20 Aboriginal newspapers, journals, and magazines, of mainly Canadian Native content, covering the years 1981 to 1997. With a Journal List. (An advanced keyword search for Residential schools returned 49 citations.) A joint project of the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College, Saskatoon Campus, the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre and the Library Services for Saskatchewan Aboriginal Peoples committee.

First Peoples

First Perspective - News of Indigenous Peoples of Canada.

FirstGov - Official website for searching the U.S. Government.

Florida State Archives Photographic Collection - The Peithmann Collection consists of 573 photographs, taken by Irvin M. Peithmann in the 1950s, documenting the daily lives of the Seminoles on Brighton and Big Cypress Reservations in south Florida. (Go to the bottom of the search page for information and access to the collection.)

FLITE Supreme Court Decisions 1937-1975 - FedWorld site contains 7,407 full-text decisions issued from volumes 300 through 422 of US Reports, searchable by keyword or case name. (Other resources include Cornell's Legal Information Institute's Supreme Court Decisions and FindLaw's U.S.

Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI) - Highlights include a collection of online Books and the Bibliografía Mesoamericana.

Founders' Constitution - Anthology of writings on American constitutional history edited by Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner. A joint venture of the University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund, the book was published in 1986. (It is not clear from the explanatory matter just how much of the print version appears online.) "The documents included range from the early seventeenth century to the 1830s, from the reflections of philosophers to popular pamphlets, from public debates in ratifying conventions to the private correspondence of the leading political actors of the day." The site is searchable, contains a Table of Contents and an Index which includes Short Titles Used, Authors and Documents, Cases and Constitutional Provision. Pages dealing with Indian law: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 (Indians), Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (5 Pet. 1 1831), United States v. Bailey (24 Fed. Cas. 937, no. 14,495 C.C.D.Tenn. 1834). United States v. Cisna (25 Fed. Cas. 422, no. 14,795 C.C.D.Ohio 1835) and Johnson & Graham v. M'Intosh (8 Wheat. 543 1823).

The Four Indian Kings

- Virtual Vault, Library & Archives, Canada. "The four Indian kings first travelled to London in 1710 to meet Queen Anne as delegates of the Iroquoian Confederacy in an effort to cement an alliance with the British. Queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by court painter John Verelst. The portraits are believed to be some of the earliest surviving oil portraits of Aboriginal peoples taken from life."

Friends Committee on National Legislation - Quaker lobby in the public interest. Provides Native American Legislative Updates for U.S. legislation.

Fund of the Four Directions - "National Native-run charitable foundation dedicated to empowering Indigenous communities in North America to implement solutions that revitalize and are consistent with Indigenous ways and concepts."

Gallica, bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France - Digitization project, currently available in French only. "Au 1er janvier 2004, Gallica offrait sur la Toile : 70 000 volumes imprimés en mode image, 1200 volumes imprimés en mode texte, 500 documents sonores, 80 000 images fixes." A catalogue search (recherche) for Crèvecoeur locates the text (in pdf format) and illustrations for Voyage dans la Haute Pennsylvanie et dans l'état de New-York depuis l'année 1785 jusqu'en 1798. The search results also include illustrations (Mosaique) from the work: there are images of Késkétomah, ancien Sachem de la Nation Onondaga and Koohassen, guerrier de la Nation Onéida. You can also browse many volumes of the Annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology: to the Secretary of the Smithsonian institution. Do a search (recherche) for the title (Mots du titre) bureau of american ethnology. From your results, select Annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology: to the Secretary of the Smithsonian institution (Voir la liste des fascicules). This will bring up a list of all the titles they own, from 1881 (N 01 / 1879-1880) to 1933 (N 048 / 1930-1931). For example, the Twenty-First Annual Report, published in 1903, and which covers the years 1899-1900, has articles on Hopi katcinas, drawn by native artists, by Jesse Walter Fewkes (Pp. 3-126, pls. II-LXIII) and Iroquoian cosmology, by J. N. B. Hewitt (Pp. 127-339, pls. LXIV-LXIX). (To locate contents of these Annual Reports, consult the Smithsonian's List of Publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology which provides article titles, authors and page numbers.) A title search for Bureau of American ethnology retrieves 64 results, which include the full texts of Bibliography of the Iroquoian languages by James Constantine Pilling, The Problem of the Ohio mounds by Cyrus Thomas and Siouan tribes of the east by James Mooney. (Use AltaVista's Babel Fish to help with translation.)

Gallup Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial - August 9-13, 2000

Ganondagan State Historic Site - Major seventeenth-century Seneca town and its palisaded granary, located in Victor, New York. With links to Haudenosaunee and Other Native American Sites.

Garacontié - Daniel Garacontié was a 17th century Onondaga chief (Sagochiendagehté) known for his diplomacy and peace-keeping efforts.

Gathering of Nations - Billed as the largest powwow in North America, it brings in indigenous people from 500 tribes and cultures in the U.S., Canada, Mexico and Polynesia.

George Catlin and His Indian Gallery - Smithsonian American Art Museum.

George Eastman House - Located in Rochester, New York, the museum's Schankman Image Server offers access to a portion of its extensive still photography collection. See, for example, New Mexico Views by Bennett & Brown, Frederick Monsen (1865-1929), Timothy O'Sullivan (1840-1882), and C. W. Carter (1832-1918).

George Washington Papers - Library of Congress American Memory Project to digitize approximately 65,000 documents is a rich resource for locating primary source material relating to Indian affairs. For example, if you are researching the Sullivan Campaign of 1779 in New York, a keyword search for Sullivan locates many letters written by Sullivan and Washington between May and September of 1779, when the campaign occurred. A search for James Clinton,and Tioga will also retrieve letters of interest.

Geronimo: His Own Story - Part of the From Revolution to Reconstruction site which also has a section on Civilizations under Siege: the European Conquest of the Americas.

Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument - National Park Service. Consists of two sites: the Gila Cliff Dwellings and the Heart-Bar Site or TJ Ruin.

Gilcrease Museum - Tulsa, Oklahoma

Good Minds - Educational Resources for Aboriginal Studies, First Nations Studies, Indigenous Studies, and Native American Studies.

Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrums - Digital Library at the Lower Saxony State and University Library, Göttingen, includes a collection of over 2,000 volumes of early travel books. A title search for Onondaga, for example, retrieves the following titles:

Dictionnaire de la Langue Huronne (1632) by Gabriel Sagard Théodat

Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan Against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779 (1887) by Frederick Cook [alternative url for this title.

History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada (1747) by Cadwallader Colden [alternative url for this title]

Memoirs of Lieut. Henry Timberlake, (Who accompanied the Three Cherokee Indians to England in the Year 1762)

Travels in New-England and New-York (1821) by Timothy Dwight

Government Information Locator Service

GPO Access Multi-Database Search - Will search Congressional Record, Federal Register, Congressional Bills, Public Laws, U.S. Code. For example, a search for Hopi, in the Federal Register, Volume 66 (2001), retrieves 20 results, one of which is a proposed rule change entitled "Special Regulations; Areas of the National Park System; Religious Ceremonial Collection of Golden Eaglets From Wupatki National Monument". There is also a Database List. A subject search for Indian in the General Accounting Office (GAO) Reports (on 4 June 2001) database retrieves 33 results including Money Laundering: Rapid Growth of Casinos Makes Them Vulnerable (01/04/96, GAO/GGD-96-28), Indian Programs: BIA Should Streamline Its Processes for Estimating Land Rental Values (06/30/1999, GAO/RCED-99-165) and Indian Trust Funds: Improvements Made in Acquisition of New Asset and Accounting System But Significant Risks Remain (09/15/2000, GAO/AIMD-00-259).

Haida: Spirits of the Sea - Subjects include art, canoes, culture and ocean, food, First Totem, fishing, and Gwaii Haanas.

GOVBOT - Searchable database of Federal Government web sites.

Government of Canada Web Archive - "At the time of its launch in Fall 2007, approximately 100 million digital objects (over 4 terabytes) of archived Federal Government website data was made accessible."

Guide to Anthropological Fieldnotes and Manuscripts in Archival Repositories - Compiled by Robert Leopold, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Guide to Law Online: Native Americans - Law Library of Congress

Guide to Native American Studies Programs in the United States and Canada - Robert M. Nelson, Editor

Handbook of Texas Online - 23,000 articles on people, places, events, historical themes, institutions, and a host of other topic categories. (A search for Indians retrieved over 1,000 articles.) A joint project of the General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin and the Texas State Historical Association.

Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development - John F. Kennedy School of Government. Offers a number of publications including American Indians on Reservations: A Databook of Socioeconomic Change Between the 1990 and 2000 Censuses is a 59 page pdf document. The is a list of all publications.

Harvard University Library Open Collections Program - "Provides access to digitized historical, manuscript, and image resources selected from Harvard's library and museum collections." In January 2006, the Women Working collection consisted of "7,500 pages of manuscripts 3,500 books and pamphlets 1,200 photographs." You can browse by subject and genre, search by keyword, author, title and subject and search the full text. One of the items in the collection is Choup-nit-ki, with the Nez Perce (1909) by E. Jane Gay (1830-1919) is from the Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. It is described as "a two-volume collection of hand-colored photographs, illustrations, and letters providing a first-hand account of the implementation of the federal government's allotment policy toward the American Indians, as well as commentary on missionary work, westward expansion, racial conflict, and women's issues." The work is "illustrated from photographs by the author with deorations by Emma J. Gay." The author, in a prefatory note, states the following: "It was from the Nez Perce reservation, in the their territory of Idaho, that these letters were written by an unoffical member of her [Alice C. Fletcher] party. They were addressed to personal friends from whom they have been gathered by the compiler." There is a list of photographs on pp. 22-25 and a list of drawings on p. 27. The first of the letters, on p. 35, was written in May 30, 1889 from Lewiston, Idaho.

Haudenosaunee: People Building a Long House - Official source of news and information from the Haudenosaunee (Hodenosaunee), comprised of the traditional leadership of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk and Tuscarora Nations.

Heard Museum - Phoenix, Arizona museum has a "world-class collection of Native American art, which includes the Fred Harvey Company collection of 19th and 20th century ceramics, baskets, jewelry and textiles as well as the 420-piece Goldwater Kachina Doll collection" as well as Documentary Research Collections. The online exhibition Inventing the Southwest: the Fred Harvey Company and Native American Art "interprets how Native American art in the Southwest was shaped in the first half of this century by the marketing and collecting activities of the Fred Harvey Company." Other resources include a Documentary Research Collections Guide and The Native American Fine Art Movement: A Resource Guide and Watchful Eyes: Native American Women Artists.

Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives (1907) - Asher C. Hinds,Clerk at the Speaker's Table, 1895 to 1910. With Search Page.

Hisatsinom and the Hohokam - Links to resources on the Hohokam people of Central Arizona, the ancestors of the Pima and Tohono O'odham Indians, and the Hisatsinom of the Four Corners, the ancestors of the Hopi, Zuni, and Pueblo Indians compiled by librarian Joel Rane.

History Cooperative - Project of the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the University of Illinois Press and the National Academy Press. You can search the Journal of American History and the American Historical Review. A search for Mohawk retrieves 15 results. Contents (full-text):

American Historical Review - from December, 1999

Journal of American History - from June 1999

Law and History Review - from Spring 1999

William and Mary Quarterly - from January 2001

History Matters - "Designed for high school and college teachers of U.S. History survey courses, this site serves as a gateway to Web resources and offers unique teaching materials, first-person primary documents and threaded discussions on teaching U.S. history." Many Pasts "contains primary documents in text, image, and audio about the experiences of "ordinary" Americans throughout U.S. history." (Examples: “The Moment That The Snows Are Melted The Indian Women Begin Their Work”: Iroquois Women Work the Fields by Joseph-François Lafitau; “Your People Live Only Upon Cod”: An Algonquian Response to European Claims of Cultural Superiority by Chrestien LeClerq; The Dutch Arrive: A Native Perspective by John Heckewelder.) WWW.History is an annotated guide to the most useful Web sites for teaching U.S. history and social studies.

History of Biomedicine - Indigenous Cultures - Collection of links from the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

History of Museums and Ethnographic Collections - Pitt Rivers Museum, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford. See site map.

History of the American West, 1860-1920 - Created by the Denver Public Library (see above) and now part of the National Digital Library Program at the Library of Congress, this collection "contains "over 30,000 photographs, drawn from the holdings of the Western History and Genealogy Department at Denver Public Library, illuminate many aspects of the history of the American West. Most of the photographs were taken between 1860 and 1920. They illustrate Colorado towns and landscape, document the place of mining in the history of Colorado and the West, and show the lives of Native Americans from more than forty tribes living west of the Mississippi River. Also included are World War II photographs of the 10th Mountain Division, ski troops based in Colorado who saw action in Italy." Keyword searchable and indexed by subject and by name. Try searching for the following: Indians of North America, Wounded Knee, Dakota, Sioux, Ute, Pueblo, David Barry, George Beam, C. G. Morledge, Horace Poley, Edward Boos, Sitting Bull or Red Cloud. A search for Wounded Knee Massacre, for example, retrieves 85 photographs, each carefully catalogued and annotated and with a url which can be bookmarked. A search for Ben Wittick (1845-1903) retrieves 68 images of Zuni, Apache, Hopi and Navajo scenes.

History of the Indian Tribes of North America - By Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall. This was a three volume work published between 1837 and 1844 and is notable for the hand-colored lithographs by Henry Inman, based on portraits of Native Americans by Charles Bird King. See A Gathering of Nations: Images from McKenney & Hall's History of the Indian Tribes of North America and McKenney & Hall's History of the Indian Tribes of North America: A Selected Bibliography (pdf) by Alice M. Cornell.

History of the Northwest Coast - Bruce Hallman

Hudson's Bay Company Archives - Held by the Provincial Archives of Manitoba. See the CBC Interviews.

Huntington Free Library's Native American Collection - Cornell University collection, received June 15, 2004, is "comprised of more than 40,000 volumes on the archaeology, ethnology and history of the native peoples of the Americas from the colonial period to the present. Genres represented in great depth include books of voyage and exploration, missionary reports, ethnography, travel writing, native language dictionaries, captivity narratives, and children's books." The Fidelia Fielding Diaries consist of five volumes by Fidelia Hoscott Fielding (1827-1908), considered to be the last speaker and preserver of the Mohegan Pequot language. For additional information on the collection see p. 4 of the Cornell University Library Update for Spring 2005. The collection is valued at more than $8 million dollars and includes an album of original drawings by George Catlin. The collection was previously held by the Huntington Free Library, a public library in the Bronx, and, prior to that (1930), the Museum of the American Indian, then located in New York City. Following a lengthy legal battle over ownership between the Huntington Free Library and the Smithsonian Institution, which had absorbed the Museum of the American Indian in 1990, the collection was transferred to Cornell in June 2004. There are "plans to digitize a significant portion of its manuscript holdings and rare books. An exhibition drawn from the collection will go on view in the Hirshland Gallery in Kroch Library in October, 2005." See 'Vanished Worlds, Enduring People' -- Cornell's Native American Collection goes on display in the Cornell Chronicle, October 19, 2005 and Vanished Worlds, Enduring People: Cornell University Library's Native American Collection, the online exhibition.

"If you knew the conditions...": Health Care to Native Americans - Online version of an exhibit held at the National Library of Medicine in 1994.

Hopi Tribe - Official site

Illustrating Traveler: Adventure and Illustration in North America and the Caribbean, 1760-1895 - Online exhibition offered by Yale's Beinecke Rare Book Library includes a section on Encountering Native Americans.

Images Canada - Gateway to over 65,000 images from five Canadian institutions (Canada Science and Technology Museum, Glenbow Museum, National Library of Canada, Natural Resources Canada Earth Sciences Information Centre, Toronto Public Library). A search for Blackfoot, for example, retrieves 1419 images.

Images of Native Americans - Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. "The Bancroft Library houses one the world's finest collections of research materials relating to the history of California and the American West, and this exhibition presents a selection of visual materials relating to Native Americans. The panorama of images selected includes illustrations from rare books, pamphlets, journals, pulp magazines, newspapers, and ephemera in addition to selections of original photographs, including stereographs, lantern slides, and cyanotypes."

Index of Native American Resources on the Internet - Karen M. Strom's comprehensive site includes Native American Electronic Text Resources on the Internet and an Index of Artists whose work is shown on the site.

Indian and Northern Affairs - Canada (INAC) - Department created in 1966 is responsible for Indian and Inuit affairs, the residents of the Yukon and Northwest Territories and their resources. The department fulfils the lawful obligations of the federal government to Aboriginal peoples arising from treaties, the Indian Act and other legislation. Among the department's Publications and Research are First Nation Profiles, which are searchable by First Nation, Tribal Council or Reserve name, Information Sheets, Treaty Information, and a Claims section. Other valuable resources at the site are the Oral Narratives and Aboriginal Pasts: An Interdisciplinary Review of the Literatures on Oral Traditions and Oral Histories an April 1996 report by Alexander von Gernet and First Nations in Canada, an historical overview of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Full-text access to the publication Circles of Light is available from 2000 to 2002.

Indian Arts and Crafts Board (IACB) - U. S. Department of the Interior. See NARA description .

Indian Arts and Crafts Board Museums

Source Directory of Arts and Crafts Businesses - View by state.

Indian Country Today - Owned by Standing Stone Media, Inc., "an Indian owned and operated corporation and enterprise of the Oneida Indian Nation located within New York State."

Indian Health Service - With information on the Health Professions Scholarship Program which provides financial assistance for American Indian and Alaska Native (Federally recognized only) students only enrolled in health professions and allied health professions programs. A List of Recipients of Indian Health Scholarships under the Indian Health Scholarship Program for 2001 appears in the Federal Register, April 4, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 65).

Indian Land Claims - Special section in the Syracuse Post Standard. See also the regional news sections for Cayuga and Madison counties.

Indian Lands in the United States - Detailed map showing Indian reservation boundaries provided by the BIA Geographic Data Service Center.

Indian Law Resource Center - "Legal advocacy for the protection of indigenous peoples’ human rights, cultures, and traditional lands so that Indian tribes and nations may flourish for generations to come." Has information on Land Rights and Sovereignty and Self-governance. They provide background information on the Onondaga Nation Land Claim.

Indian Peoples of the Northern Great Plains - Searchable online database of over 1500 photograph, stereographs, and drawings is organized by tribe, including: Crow, Cheyenne, Blackfeet, Salish (Flathead), Kutenai, Chippewa-Cree, Gros Ventres (Atsina), and Assiniboine. (Montana State University.)

Indians of California - Maintained by Tad Beckman, Humanities and Social Sciences Department, Harvey Mudd College. See also his Indians of the Great Basin.

Institute for the Preservation of the Original Languages of the Americas - Santa Fe.

Institute of American Indian and Alaska Native Culture and Arts Development - Has a good collection of links to Native American Cultural Resources.

Institute of American Indian Studies - University of North Dakota.

International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) - The aim of the Heritage at Risk is to "identify threatened heritage places, monuments and sites, present typical case studies and trends, and share suggestions for solving individual or global threats to our cultural heritage." The U.S. National Committe offers papers presented at the annual Symposia: U.S. Preservation in the Global Context (2000) and Culture, Environment and Heritage (1999). The latter contains Snow and Fire in the Fourth World: Perspectives on Western Preservation and Hopi Cultural Preservation Initiative, a paper presented by Philip Cryan Marshall, Associate Professor, Historic Preservation Program, School of Architecture, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island.

Internet Modern History Sourcebook - Part of Paul Halsall's extensive Internet History Sourcebooks Project. There is a Native Americans section which provides links to Chief Black Hawk Autobiography, the Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy and other important documents and primary sources.

Internet School Library Media Center - Site for librarians and teachers. Native American sections include Native American Internet Resources and Native American Authors.

inter/SECTION - Photographic exhibition by Jeffrey M. Thomas

Iroquois Doll Makers

- Located on the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation, home of the Seneca Nation of Indians.

Iroquois Nationals Lacrosse Team - Official site. (Diane Hoyt-Goldsmith has written a book for young people, Lacrosse: the National Game of the Iroquois, which focuses on 13-year-old Monte Lyons, a member of the Onondaga Nation and a third-generation lacrosse player.)

Iroquois Studies Association - Sponsors of the Otsiningo Pow Wow, held June 2-4, 2000. They have a good collection of Links of Interest.

Jacques and Jean de Lamberville - Jesuit missionaries to the Onondaga. Jacques was born in 1641 in Rouen (France) and died in 1710 in Quebec. His brother Jean was born in 1633 in Rouen and died in Paris in 1714. There are entries on Jacques and Jean de Lamberville and Catholic Indian Missions of the United States in the Catholic Encyclopedia. Search also in Early Canadiana Online for additional material.

Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 1610 to 1791 - "This site contains entire English translation of the The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, originally compiled and edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites and published by The Burrows BrothersCompany, Cleveland, throughout the latter part of the nineteenth century. Each file represents the total English contents of a single published volume. The original work has facing pages in the original French, Latin or Italian, depending on the author." (Thom Mentrak and Rev. Raymond A. Bucko). (The Jesuit Relations are also available in Early Canadiana Online. Password not required.)

Jönköpings stadsbibliotek - Has a bibliography of Literature on Native Americans in Swedish - facts and fiction

Joslyn Art Museum - With a selection of images from its Western and Native American collections.

John Carter Brown Library - "One of the outstanding libraries of the world in the field of the history of the Americas, North and South, prior to 1825, and of European history as it bears on the Americas." With access to online catalog.

Journal of American Indian Education - Peer reviewed scholarly journal, which publishes papers specifically related to the education of American Indians and Alaska Natives published by the Center for Indian Education of the College of Education at Arizona State University. The site is searchable and provides full-text of past volumes from 1961 to 1993.

Journals of Arthur Wellington Clah: Native American and Christian Convert - Clah (1831-1916), was a Tsimshian, from the coast of British Columbia and an assistant to the English missionary William Duncan. "Clah's journals thus cover turbulent years in the history of his people. They deal with day-to-day personal issues, of course -Clah’s trading activities, fishing expeditions, the weather, religious musings - but were also intended to form a broader history of his people during these years, with material on the disputes between Duncan and the CMS as well as epidemics, survivals of potlatch ceremonies, relations between Native Americans and whites and native land claims. The latter are particularly prevalent." These journals fill over 70 notebooks and are owned by the Western Manuscripts division of the History of Medicine Library of the Wellcome Trust in London. Although only a few pages from the journal are available online, queries about the Clah journals can be directed to the Library's Department of Archives and Manuscripts (arch+mss@wellcome.ac.uk). A subject search in the library's online catalog for Tsimshian Indians retrieves 9 records. In BC Studies: The British Columbia Quarterly there is a special issue on Native Peoples and Colonialism, Numbers 115/116, Autumn/Winter 1997-9